Multidisciplinary approach to the study of large-format oil paintings.

Cultural heritage has become a keystone for comprehending our society, as it represents and reflects our origins, passions, beliefs and traditions. Furthermore, it provides fundamental information about specific temporary spaces, materials' availability, technology, artist's intention, and site weather conditions. Our aim was to develop a multidisciplinary approach with a main focus on investigating two Italian large-format paintings located in highly diverse environments such as the National Theater of Costa Rica. We monitored environmental conditions and quantified fungal aerial spores. Then, we determined regions of possible biodeterioration with the software MicroorganismPattern and used the software PigmentArrangement to elucidate the apparent colour of the paintings based on distribution and arrangement of the pigment crystals. Finally, we characterized eight genera of calcareous nannofossils found in the ground layers of the artwork. The former Men's Canteen at the National Theater of Costa Rica presented a mean air temperature of 23.5 [Formula: see text]C, a relative humidity of 72.7% and a concentration of CO[Formula: see text] of 570 ppm. The fungal aerial concentration was 1776 spores/m[Formula: see text]. The software MicroorganismPattern identified 32 sampling regions, out of which 11 were positive for microbial contamination. The software PigmentArrangement determined that the blue crystals (ultramarine pigment) had the shortest distances between themselves (29 [Formula: see text]m). Finally, the nanofossils identified enabled us to restrict the age of the material to a biostratigraphic interval ranging from Coniacian to Maastricthian ages. By using a multidisciplinary approach we were able to explore the diptych, suggest a set of minimally invasive perspectives in tropical environments to be used worldwide and obtain key information about the artist's artistic process, materials used along with better understand its state of conservation.

Measurement of AC loss down to 25 K in a REBCO racetrack coil for electrical aircraft motor.

The development of full superconducting motors for electric distributed aircraft propulsion requires to test the stator coils at the operation temperature, usually between 20 and 40 K. Here, we study the AC loss of a test racetrack coil made of REBCO tape. We developed a measurement system within a non-metallic cryostat where a cryocooler cools the test coil in combination with liquid or solid nitrogen. We present transport AC loss measurements by electrical means down to 25 K for current amplitudes up to 140 A and frequency 18-576 Hz. The AC loss increased with second power with current, and did not depend on frequency or temperature. Later, we measured the AC parallel magnetization loss in a stack of tapes made of the same material as the coil, and in a stack of tapes without superconducting layer. The results in both samples is almost identical and presents the same behavior as the coil. We conclude that the main contribution to the AC loss in the tape stack and in the coil was from the magnetism of the Hastelloy substrate or buffer layers. Therefore, researchers need to take this into account in tape production and in superconducting motor design.

A cost-effectiveness analysis of consolidation immunotherapy with durvalumab in stage III NSCLC responding to definitive radiochemotherapy in Switzerland.

BACKGROUND: Consolidation immunotherapy with the programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor durvalumab improves survival in patients with stage III non-small-cell lung cancer responding to radiochemotherapy. The aim of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of durvalumab in Switzerland based on the most recent PACIFIC survival follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We constructed a Markov model based on the 3-year follow-up data of the PACIFIC trial and compared consolidation durvalumab with observation. We used published utility values and assessed costs for treatment strategies from the perspective of the Swiss health care payers. Cost-effectiveness was tested both in the intention-to-treat population of the PACIFIC trial unselected for PD-L1 tumor expression and in patients with PD-L1-expressing tumors (≥1%). RESULTS: In the unselected/PD-L1-positive patients, durvalumab showed an incremental effectiveness of 0.76/1.18 quality-adjusted life year (QALY) and incremental costs of Swiss Francs (CHF) 67 239/78 177, resulting in incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of CHF 88 703/66 131 per QALY gained, respectively. The most influential factors for the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio were the utility before first progression, costs for durvalumab, and the hazard ratio for overall survival under durvalumab versus observation. The cost-effectiveness of durvalumab was better than CHF 100 000 per QALY gained in 75% of the simulations in probabilistic sensitivity analysis. CONCLUSION: Assuming a willingness-to-pay threshold of CHF 100 000 per QALY gained, consolidation durvalumab is likely to be cost-effective both in patients with inoperable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) unselected for PD-L1 status and in patients with PD-L1-expressing tumors in Switzerland.

Age, Gleason Score, and PSA are important prognostic factors for survival in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Results of The Uroncor Group (Uro-Oncological Tumors) of the Spanish Society of Radiation Oncology (SEOR).

INTRODUCTION: The treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) has changed significantly in recent years. Inhibitors of androgen receptors have shown especially significant benefits in overall (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS), with a good toxicity profile. Treatment selection depends on the patient's individual clinical, radiological, and biological characteristics. OBJECTIVE: To describe treatment outcomes (efficacy, toxicity) in a cohort of patients with mCRPC in Spain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Multicenter, retrospective study of patients with mCRPC included in a database of the Urological Tumour Working Group (URONCOR) of the Spanish Society of Radiation Oncology (SEOR). Metastatic CRPC was defined according to the prostate cancer working group 3 (PCWG3) criteria. The Kaplan-Meier technique was used to evaluate OS and the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE, v.4.0) were used to assess toxicity. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to identify the factors significantly associated with OS. RESULTS: A total of 314 patients from 17 hospitals in Spain diagnosed with mCRPC between June 2010 and September 2017 were included in this study. Mean age at diagnosis was 68 years (range 45-89). At a median follow-up of 35 months, OS at 1, 3, and 5 years were 92%, 38%, and 28%, respectively. Grades 1-2 and grade 3 toxicity rates were, respectively, 68% and 19%. No grade 4 toxicities were observed. On the multivariate analysis, the following factors were significantly associated with OS: age (hazard ratio [HR] 0.42, p = 0.010), PSA value at diagnosis of mCRPC (HR 0.55, p = 0.008), and Gleason score (HR 0.61, p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Age, Gleason score, and PSA at diagnosis of mCRPC are independently associated with overall survival in patients with mCRPC. The efficacy and toxicity outcomes in this patient cohort treated in radiation oncology departments in Spain are consistent with previous reports.

Prevalence and characterization of breakthrough pain in cancer patients with proctalgia treated with 3D pelvic radiotherapy.

PURPOSE: Radiotherapy-induced dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract is common in cancer patients and has a significant impact on their quality of life. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of breakthrough cancer pain (BTcP) in patients undergoing 3D pelvic radiotherapy and who had proctalgia. METHODS: This observational, multicenter, cross-sectional epidemiological study was performed in 13 Spanish hospitals. Data were obtained on the presence and characteristics of BTcP, demographics, common comorbidities, and treatments prescribed to the patients. RESULTS: The prevalence of BTcP in patients undergoing pelvic 3D external radiotherapy with proctalgia (N = 105) was 48.6% (95% CI 39.0-58.1%). BTcP was further characterized in 59 patients. The mean (± SD) intensity of the BTcP episodes was 7.45 ± 1.47 in a visual analog scale. We found several statistically significant associations between the descriptive variables of BTcP with demographic and clinical variables associated with the tumor or the patient, such as an increased number of BTcP episodes per day depending on the presence or absence of diabetes (p = 0.001, Chi-square) or time to the onset of pain relief depending on the location of the tumor (p = 0.019, Chi-square). Fentanyl was the drug of choice in BTcP episodes for 95% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated a high prevalence of BTcP prevalence in cancer patients undergoing pelvic 3D radiotherapy and with proctalgia. Although the variables determining the onset of BTcP are still unclear, our results could help in the design of future clinical studies addressing the treatment of BTcP in these patients.

[The design of a population register on cerebral palsy: its application and analysis in Andorra and Navarre]. / Diseño de un registro de paralisis cerebral de ambito poblacional: aplicacion y analisis en Andorra y Navarra.

INTRODUCTION: Cerebral palsy describes a group of developmental and posture disorders, which cause a limitation of activity due to non-progressive damage occurring in the developing brain. A population register facilitates the identification of cerebral palsy cases within a specific geographic population. Its usefulness is recognized in the world literature but in Spain, published databases focus on the treatment or complications of cerebral palsy. AIMS: To propose a population register that can be useful in different areas of our environment and to evaluate its validity through its application in two differentiated and geographically delimited health areas. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The registry consists of 124 items divided into seven sections: data on the child filiations, maternal history and parents' information, pregnancy and neonatal period data, diagnoses and classification, neuroimaging tests, therapeutic interventions and others. Patients attended in external consultations in Navarre and Andorra were included. RESULTS: In the register, 53 patients (52.8% females) were evaluated. 56.5% were premature. Spastic cerebral palsy is the most frequent presentation. 42% have associated epilepsy. CONCLUSIONS: The use of population registers allows a better knowledge of cerebral palsy as well as the evaluation and development of prevention strategies and optimization of care resources with objective data. It is necessary to generalize the use of this type of records in our environment.

TITLE: Diseño de un registro de paralisis cerebral de ambito poblacional: aplicacion y analisis en Andorra y Navarra.Introduccion. La paralisis cerebral describe un grupo de trastornos del desarrollo y la postura que causan una limitacion de la actividad debido a alteraciones no progresivas ocurridas en el cerebro en desarrollo. El registro poblacional facilita la identificacion de los casos de paralisis cerebral dentro de una poblacion geografica especifica. Esta reconocida su utilidad en la bibliografia, pero en España, las bases de datos publicadas se centran en el tratamiento o las complicaciones de la paralisis cerebral. Objetivos. Proponer un registro poblacional que pueda ser util en diferentes areas de nuestro entorno y evaluar su validez mediante su aplicacion en dos areas de salud diferenciadas y geograficamente delimitadas. Sujetos y metodos. El registro elaborado constaba de 124 items divididos en siete apartados: datos de filiacion del niño, historia materna e informacion de los padres, datos del embarazo y periodo neonatal, diagnosticos y clasificacion, pruebas de neuroimagen, intervenciones terapeuticas y otros. Se incluyo a los pacientes atendidos en consultas externas en Navarra y Andorra. Resultados. En el registro se evaluo a 53 pacientes (52,8% mujeres). El 56,5% fueron prematuros. La paralisis cerebral espastica es la presentacion mas frecuente. Un 42% asociaba epilepsia. Conclusiones. El uso de registros poblacionales permite un mejor conocimiento de la paralisis cerebral, asi como la evaluacion y el desarrollo de estrategias de prevencion y optimizacion de los recursos asistenciales con datos objetivos. Es necesaria la generalizacion del uso de este tipo de registros en nuestro entorno.

COPD prevalence and hospital admissions in Galicia (Spain). An analysis using the potential of new health information systems.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major public health problem. The aim of this study was to ascertain the prevalence of COPD and whether such prevalence was positively or negatively associated with COPD admissions, using all the data of a regional health care system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We designed a descriptive cross-sectional study which included all subjects aged over 45 years, diagnosed with COPD in primary care in 2013. We also calculated the number of such patients who had a record of hospital admissions due to this disease. COPD prevalence and incidence of admissions were calculated. Poisson regression models were then used to analyse the association between cases with diagnosis of COPD and admissions due to COPD, by sex, adjusting for socio-demographic variables and distance to hospital. Sensitivity subanalyses were performed by reference to the respective municipal rurality indices. RESULTS: Median municipal prevalence of COPD was 5.29% in men and 2.19% in women. Among patients with COPD, 28.22% of men and 16.00% of women had at least one hospital admission. The relative risk of admission per unit of the standardised prevalence ratio was 0.37 (95% CI 0.34-0.41) for men and 0.39 (95% CI 0.34-0.45) for women. CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant negative association between COPD prevalence and hospital admissions due to this disease. The proportion of admissions is lower in municipalities lying furthest from hospitals. There is considerable municipal variability in terms of COPD prevalence and proportion of admissions. In-depth attention should be given to disease-management training programmes.

Costes indirectos asociados al glioblastoma. Experiencia en un centro / Indirect costs associated with glioblastoma: Experience at one hospital

Introducción: El glioblastoma es el tumor cerebral más frecuente. A pesar de los avances en su tratamiento, el pronóstico sigue siendo pobre, con una supervivencia media en torno a los 14 meses. Los costes directos, aquellos asociados al diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la enfermedad, han sido descritos ampliamente. Los costes indirectos, aquellos derivados de la pérdida de productividad debido a la enfermedad, han sido descritos en escasas ocasiones. Material y método: Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo, incluyendo a los pacientes diagnosticados entre el 1 de enero del 2010 y el 31 de diciembre del 2013 de glioblastoma en el Hospital Universitario Donostia. Recogimos datos demográficos, relativos al tratamiento ofertado y la supervivencia. Calculamos los costes indirectos a través del método del capital humano, obteniendo datos de sujetos comparables según sexo y edad, y de mortalidad de la población general a través del Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Los salarios pasados fueron actualizados a euros de 2015 según la tasa de inflación interanual y los salarios futuros fueron descontados en un 3,5% anual en forma de interés compuesto. Resultados: Revisamos a 99 pacientes, 46 mujeres (edad media 63,53 años) y 53 hombres (edad media 59,94 años). En 29 pacientes se realizó una biopsia y en los 70 restantes se realizó una cirugía resectiva. La supervivencia global media fue de 18,092 meses. Los costes indirectos totales fueron de 11.080.762 Euros (2015). El coste indirecto medio por paciente fue de 111.926 Euros (2015). Discusión: A pesar de que el glioblastoma es un tipo relativamente poco frecuente de tumor, que supone el 4% de todos los tipos de cáncer, su mal pronóstico y sus posibles secuelas generan una mortalidad y morbilidad desproporcionadamente altas. Esto se traduce en unos costes indirectos muy elevados. El clínico debe ser consciente del impacto del glioblastoma en la sociedad y los costes indirectos deben ser tenidos en cuenta en los estudios de coste-efectividad para conocer las consecuencias globales de esta enfermedad (AU)

Introduction: Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumour. Despite advances in treatment, its prognosis remains dismal, with a mean survival time of about 14 months. Many articles have addressed direct costs, those associated with the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Indirect costs, those associated with loss of productivity due to the disease, have seldom been described. Material and method: We conducted a retrospective study in patients diagnosed with glioblastoma at Hospital Universitario Donostia between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2013. We collected demographics, data regarding the treatment received, and survival times. We calculated the indirect costs with the human capital approach, adjusting the mean salaries of comparable individuals by sex and age and obtaining mortality data for the general population from the Spanish National Statistics Institute. Past salaries were updated to 2015 euros according to the annual inflation rate and we applied a discount of 3.5% compounded yearly to future salaries. Results: We reviewed the records of 99 patients: 46 women (mean age 63.53) and 53 men (mean age 59.94); 29 patients underwent a biopsy and the remaining 70 underwent excisional surgery. Mean survival was 18.092 months for the whole series. The total indirect cost for the series was Euros11 080 762 (2015). Mean indirect cost per patient was Euros 111 926 (2015). Discussion: Although glioblastoma is a relatively uncommon type of tumour, accounting for only 4% of all cancers, its poor prognosis and potential sequelae generate disproportionately large morbidity and mortality rates which translate to high indirect costs. Clinicians should be aware of the societal impact of glioblastoma and indirect costs should be taken into account when cost effectiveness studies are performed to better illustrate the overall consequences of this disease (AU)

Indirect costs associated with glioblastoma: Experience at one hospital. / Costes indirectos asociados al glioblastoma. Experiencia en un centro.

INTRODUCTION: Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumour. Despite advances in treatment, its prognosis remains dismal, with a mean survival time of about 14 months. Many articles have addressed direct costs, those associated with the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Indirect costs, those associated with loss of productivity due to the disease, have seldom been described. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We conducted a retrospective study in patients diagnosed with glioblastoma at Hospital Universitario Donostia between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2013. We collected demographics, data regarding the treatment received, and survival times. We calculated the indirect costs with the human capital approach, adjusting the mean salaries of comparable individuals by sex and age and obtaining mortality data for the general population from the Spanish National Statistics Institute. Past salaries were updated to 2015 euros according to the annual inflation rate and we applied a discount of 3.5% compounded yearly to future salaries. RESULTS: We reviewed the records of 99 patients: 46 women (mean age 63.53) and 53 men (mean age 59.94); 29 patients underwent a biopsy and the remaining 70 underwent excisional surgery. Mean survival was 18.092 months for the whole series. The total indirect cost for the series was €11 080 762 (2015). Mean indirect cost per patient was €111 926 (2015). DISCUSSION: Although glioblastoma is a relatively uncommon type of tumour, accounting for only 4% of all cancers, its poor prognosis and potential sequelae generate disproportionately large morbidity and mortality rates which translate to high indirect costs. Clinicians should be aware of the societal impact of glioblastoma and indirect costs should be taken into account when cost effectiveness studies are performed to better illustrate the overall consequences of this disease.

Reversible solvatomagnetic switching in a single-ion magnet from an entatic state.

A vast impact on molecular nanoscience can be achieved using simple transition metal complexes as dynamic chemical systems to perform specific and selective tasks under the control of an external stimulus that switches "ON" and "OFF" their electronic properties. While the interest in single-ion magnets (SIMs) lies in their potential applications in information storage and quantum computing, the switching of their slow magnetic relaxation associated with host-guest processes is insufficiently explored. Herein, we report a unique example of a mononuclear cobalt(ii) complex in which geometrical constraints are the cause of easy and reversible water coordination and its release. As a result, a reversible and selective colour and SIM behaviour switch occurs between a "slow-relaxing" deep red anhydrous material (compound 1) and its "fast-relaxing" orange hydrated form (compound 2). The combination of this optical and magnetic switching in this new class of vapochromic and thermochromic SIMs offers fascinating possibilities for designing multifunctional molecular materials.

Periosteum tissue engineering in an orthotopic in vivo platform.

The periosteum plays a critical role in bone homeostasis and regeneration. It contains a vascular component that provides vital blood supply to the cortical bone and an osteogenic niche that acts as a source of bone-forming cells. Periosteal grafts have shown promise in the regeneration of critical size defects, however their limited availability restricts their widespread clinical application. Only a small number of tissue-engineered periosteum constructs (TEPCs) have been reported in the literature. A current challenge in the development of appropriate TEPCs is a lack of pre-clinical models in which they can reliably be evaluated. In this study, we present a novel periosteum tissue engineering concept utilizing a multiphasic scaffold design in combination with different human cell types for periosteal regeneration in an orthotopic in vivo platform. Human endothelial and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) were used to mirror both the vascular and osteogenic niche respectively. Immunohistochemistry showed that the BM-MSCs maintained their undifferentiated phenotype. The human endothelial cells developed into mature vessels and connected to host vasculature. The addition of an in vitro engineered endothelial network increased vascularization in comparison to cell-free constructs. Altogether, the results showed that the human TEPC (hTEPC) successfully recapitulated the osteogenic and vascular niche of native periosteum, and that the presented orthotopic xenograft model provides a suitable in vivo environment for evaluating scaffold-based tissue engineering concepts exploiting human cells.

Traumatismo espinal / Spinal trauma

El tratamiento de un paciente con una fractura vertebral pasa por un correcto diagnóstico y una categorización del problema. Para la toma de decisiones terapéuticas son necesarios datos clínicos y de la propia lesión, que son aportados por los estudios radiológicos y su interpretación (AU)

The treatment of a patient with a vertebral fracture requires an accurate diagnosis and categorization of the problem. Treatment decisions must be based on clinical data and information about the lesion itself, which is provided by imaging studies and their interpretation (AU)

Rediseño del proceso de alta hospitalaria / Redesigning the hospital discharge process

Objetivo. Mostrar que el rediseño y la planificación del proceso de alta hospitalaria adelantan la hora de salida del paciente del medio hospitalario. Material y método. Estudio cuasiexperimental, realizado entre enero de 2011 y abril de 2013, en un hospital comarcal. Los casos analizados fueron de las unidades de enfermería médicas y quirúrgicas. El proceso fue rediseñado para coordinar a todos los profesionales que intervienen en el proceso. La mejora del proceso de alta hospitalaria se realizó a través de la creación de un grupo de trabajo, el análisis de los datos retrospectivos y la identificación de las áreas de mejora y rediseño. La variable dependiente fue la hora de alta administrativa del paciente. La muestra fue clasificada en preintervención, intraintervención y postintervención en función del momento temporal del estudio. Resultados. La muestra, tras aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, fue de 14.788 pacientes. El tiempo medio de salida de alta disminuyó de forma significativa en 50 min entre los periodos preintervención y postintervención. La salida en pacientes con alta planificada fue una hora y 25 min menor que en los pacientes no planificados. Conclusiones. El rediseño de procesos es una estrategia útil para mejorar el proceso de alta hospitalaria. Además, la planificación del alta se muestra como un elemento clave para que el paciente abandone el centro sanitario antes de las 12 de la mañana (AU)

Objective. The aim of this article is to show that the redesign and planning process of hospital discharge advances the departure time of the patient from a hospital environment. Material and method. Quasi-experimental study conducted from January 2011 to April 2013, in a local hospital. The cases analysed were from medical and surgical nursing units. The process was redesigned to coordinate all the professionals involved in the process. The hospital discharge improvement process improvement was carried out by forming a working group, the analysis of retrospective data, identifying areas for improvement, and its redesign. The dependent variable was the time of patient administrative discharge. The sample was classified as pre-intervention, inter-intervention, and post-intervention, depending on the time point of the study. Results. The final sample included 14,788 patients after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The mean discharge release time decreased significantly by 50 min between pre-intervention and post-intervention periods. The release time in patients with planned discharge was one hour and 25 min less than in patients with unplanned discharge. Conclusions. Process redesign is a useful strategy to improve the process of hospital discharge. Besides planning the discharge, it is shown that the patient leaving the hospital before 12 midday is a key factor (AU)

Spinal trauma. / Traumatismo espinal.

The treatment of a patient with a vertebral fracture requires an accurate diagnosis and categorization of the problem. Treatment decisions must be based on clinical data and information about the lesion itself, which is provided by imaging studies and their interpretation.

[Redesigning the hospital discharge process]. / Rediseño del proceso de alta hospitalaria.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this article is to show that the redesign and planning process of hospital discharge advances the departure time of the patient from a hospital environment. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Quasi-experimental study conducted from January 2011 to April 2013, in a local hospital. The cases analysed were from medical and surgical nursing units. The process was redesigned to coordinate all the professionals involved in the process. The hospital discharge improvement process improvement was carried out by forming a working group, the analysis of retrospective data, identifying areas for improvement, and its redesign. The dependent variable was the time of patient administrative discharge. The sample was classified as pre-intervention, inter-intervention, and post-intervention, depending on the time point of the study. RESULTS: The final sample included 14,788 patients after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The mean discharge release time decreased significantly by 50 min between pre-intervention and post-intervention periods. The release time in patients with planned discharge was one hour and 25 min less than in patients with unplanned discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Process redesign is a useful strategy to improve the process of hospital discharge. Besides planning the discharge, it is shown that the patient leaving the hospital before 12 midday is a key factor.

Análisis de atención inicial y manejo del traumatismo craneoencefálico estable en Urgencias de Pediatría. Estudio comparativo / Analysis of initial care and management of stable cranioencephalic traumatism in Pediatric Emergency Department. A comparative study

El traumatismo craneoencefálico (TCE) constituye un motivo de consulta frecuente en Urgencias de Pediatría; la mayoría de tipo leve. Tras su valoración con el triángulo de evaluación pediátrica y clasificación del nivel de urgencia, se debe aplicar un protocolo de actuación que establezca su adecuado manejo y solicitud de prueba de imagen. El objetivo del estudio es analizar las características de dos grupos de pacientes valorados con 4 años de diferencia, establecer su valoración inicial, pruebas de imagen y necesidad de observación hospitalaria. Resultados. Total 169 episodios (prevalencia 2,6%). Año 2010: 92 episodios, 90 pacientes. Año 2014: 77 episodios, 76 pacientes. En ambos años predomina el sexo masculino, el motivo de consulta más prevalente es el TCE aislado, y cuando asocia clínica predominan los vómitos, y en la exploración la existencia de herida externa. El registro de constantes de frecuencia cardiaca y presión arterial se ha incrementado significativamente. Se ha reducido el porcentaje de radiografías de cráneo simple realizadas de forma global en 1,4% y en la franja de edad entre 1 y 2 años en un 7,1%. El porcentaje de tomografía axial computarizada craneal (TAC) fue similar en ambos años. Precisó observación un 13% en 2010 y 9,1% en 2014. Discusión. Es imprescindible conseguir un equilibrio en la valoración urgente del TCE estable que permita reducir la radiación aplicada al paciente en forma de radiología convencional, mantener la adecuación de la indicación de la TAC craneal ajustada y su estancia en forma de observación hospitalaria

Cranioencephalic traumatism (CET) is a cause of frequent medical visits in the Pediatric Emergency Department, most of them being mild. After evaluation with the pediatric assessment triangle and classification on an emergency level, an action protocol should be applied that establishes its adequate management and request for imaging test. The purpose of the study is to analyze the characteristics of two groups of patients evaluated with a different of 4 years, to establish their initial evaluation, imaging tests and need for hospital observation. Results. Total 169 episodes (prevalence 2.6%). Year 2010: 92 episodes, 90 patients. Year 2014: 77 episodes, 76 patients. In both years, there was a predominance of male gender, the most prevalent reason for the visit was isolated CET, and when symptoms were associated, vomiting clinically predominated, while in the physical exam, the external wound predominated. The recording of the vital signs of heart rate and blood pressure has significantly increased. The percentage of simple brain x-rays performed globally has reduced by 1.4% and the age range between 1 and 2 years by 7.1%. The percentage of cranial computed tomography was similar in both years. A total of 13% required observation in 2010 and 9.1% in 2014. Discussion. It is essential to achieve a balance in urgent assessment of stable CET that would make it possible to reduce the radiation applied to the patient in form of conventional radiology, to maintain adaptation of the indication of the cranial CT scan indication and the patients stay in form of hospital observation

ESTUDIO DE LA DIVERSIDAD GENÉTICA DEL CERDO DOMÉSTICO EN EL DEPARTAMENTO DE CÓRDOBA (COLOMBIA) UTILIZANDO MARCADORES MICROSATÉLITES / STUDY OF GENETIC DIVERSITY OF THE DOMESTIC PIG IN THE DEPARTMENT OF CÓRDOBA (COLOMBIA) USING MICROSATELLITE MARKERS

En este estudio se analizaron los niveles de diversidad y estructura genética de 161 cerdos domésticos pertenecientes a tres poblaciones del departamento de Córdoba, mediante 20 marcadores microsatélites. Todos los microsatélites utilizados resultaron polimórficos. Para todos los loci, el valor promedio de la heterocigosidad esperada fue mayor al valor promedio de la heterocigosidad observada, lo cual puede sugerir una posible endogamia en el sistema de apareamiento. El índice (0,12 ± 0,08) mostró un 88% de la varianza en las frecuencias alélicas reportadas dentro de cada población y solo el 12% de la varianza atribuible a diferencias entre poblaciones. Los valores de F IS (0,079) y F IT (0,13), indican deficiencia de heterocigotos dentro de cada población y a nivel global. Desviaciones significativas del equilibrio Hardy-Weinberg (p < 0,05) fueron observadas en ocho de los marcadores utilizados. El árbol Neighbor-Joining obtenido reveló que Momil estuvo más estrechamente relacionada con Cereté, mientras Tierralta se mostró más alejada. El análisis de componentes principales (ACoP) genera la individualización geográfica de cada población, siendo distante la población de Tierralta de las poblaciones Momil y Cereté, resultados similares a los obtenidos con la metodología Neighbor-Joining. El programa Structure con un K = 3, confirma la existencia de tres grupos o poblaciones distintas, generándose un patrón filogeográfico observado en la relación entre Momil, Cereté y Tierralta. Es importante señalar que son 3 grupos raciales diferentes, valiosos y deben conservarse.

Diversity and genetic structure of 161 domestic pigs from three populations of the department of Cordoba, were analyzed by means 20 microsatellite markers; all of them were polymorphic microsatellites. The expected average value of heterozygosity was higher than the observed average value for all loci, which may suggest a possible inbreeding mating system. The F ST index (0.12 ± 0.08) showed 88% of variance in allele frequencies reported within each population and only 12% of the variance was attributable to differences between populations. F K values (0.079) and F IT (0.13) indicate heterozygote deficiency within each population and globally. Significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg balance (p < 0.05) were observed in eight of the markers used. The Neighbor-Joining tree showed than Momil was more closely related with Cerete while Tierralta was further. The main components analysis (ACoP) generates the geographical identification of each population, being more far Tierralta from Momil and Cerete populations, similar results were obtained with the Neighbor-Joining method. The Structure program with K = 3, confirms the existence of three groups or different populations, which generates a phylogeographic pattern observed in the relationship between Momil, Cerete and Tierralta. It is important to note that there are 3 different racial groups, valuable and must be preserved.

Validation tool for traction force microscopy.

Traction force microscopy (TFM) is commonly used to estimate cells' traction forces from the deformation that they cause on their substrate. The accuracy of TFM highly depends on the computational methods used to measure the deformation of the substrate and estimate the forces, and also on the specifics of the experimental set-up. Computer simulations can be used to evaluate the effect of both the computational methods and the experimental set-up without the need to perform numerous experiments. Here, we present one such TFM simulator that addresses several limitations of the existing ones. As a proof of principle, we recreate a TFM experimental set-up, and apply a classic 2D TFM algorithm to recover the forces. In summary, our simulator provides a valuable tool to study the performance, refine experimentally, and guide the extraction of biological conclusions from TFM experiments.